Fight Finance

(a) Prices, $P_1$.

(b) Gross discrete returns per annum, $r_{\text{gdr 0 }\rightarrow \text{ 1}} = \dfrac{P_1}{P_0}$.

(c) Effective annual returns per annum also known as net discrete returns, $r_{\text{eff 0 }\rightarrow \text{ 1}} = \dfrac{P_1 - P_0}{P_0} = \dfrac{P_1}{P_0}-1$.

(d) Continuously compounded returns per annum, $r_{\text{cc 0 }\rightarrow \text{ 1}} = \ln \left( \dfrac{P_1}{P_0} \right)$.

(e) Annualised percentage rates compounding per month, $r_{\text{apr comp monthly 0 }\rightarrow \text{ 1 mth}} = \left( \dfrac{P_1 - P_0}{P_0} \right) \times 12$.